After the vowels come the stops and nasal consonants divided into five groups (each of five letters) according to their place of articulation (from back to front). First, come the simple vowels, then the syllabic ones followed by the diphthongs (e and o derive from ancient diphthongs and were considered so by the native grammarians).
The Gujarati alphabet consists of 47 letters ordered according to phonetic principles (below each one the standard transliteration is shown followed by its International Phonetic Alphabet equivalent). To represent other non-initial vowels, diacritic vowel signs are added before, after, above or below a consonant. Its principles are similar to those of Devanāgarī script. It is a syllabic alphabet (abugida), derived ultimately from Brāhmī, in which every consonant carries the inherent vowel. Gujarati has short and long vowels but they are not contrastive. All vowels, except and, occur nasalized, and in murmured and non-murmured forms. It is the Bharateśvara-bāhubali, a didactic narrative poem ( rāsa ) composed by Śālibhadrasūri in 1185. The main differences between these three stages of Gujarati are phonological: Outside South Asia, the most distinctive variant is East African Gujarati. Kutchi (also called Kacchi), spoken in western Gujarat, is a closely related language influenced by the neighboring Sindhi of Pakistan. The Gujarati spoken in Pakistan is very similar to Patani.
The main ones are Standard Gujarati (between Ahmedabad and Vadodara), Surati (southeastern Gujarat), Kathiawari (peninsula of Saurashtra), Carotari (central Gujarat) and Patani (northern Gujarat). Gujarati is the official language of the Indian state of Gujarat and one of the 23 official languages of India. In India, 49.6 million Gujarati speakers live in Gujarat and 2.7 million in Maharashtra.
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